Michael Liimatta

The more time I spend with rescue mission recovery programs, the more I’ve become convinced that the most important gift we can give homeless addicts is community, a place to belong. Homelessness is a state of complete disaffiliation–being cut off from all meaningful and supportive human relationships.

Suc ­cessful residential recovery programs actually provide a supportive “family” environment where homeless addicts can examine their lives and take the difficult initial steps toward a new, sober, and productive life.

There are two other important communities that program participants must become involved with so the process of change begun at the mission continues after they leave. The first is the Church, the Body of Christ, where program graduates experi ­ence fellowship with other believers and spiritual nurture. The second is the recovering community where involvement with support groups for recovering addicts give them a place to continue personal growth through mutual sharing and encour ­agement with others who have overcome addiction.

Creating an Environment That Encourages Change

So, how is a supportive “family” atmosphere created in a mission? It takes a coordinated effort by mission staff members to ensure that a therapeutic or conducive environment is main ­tained in a residential facility. Attention to the following dynam ­ics will greatly encourage a sense of order and help create an atmosphere that encourages change.

A. Drug Free — There must be immediate and serious consequences for any use of alcohol and drugs by program partici ­pants. The normal procedure is dismissal from the program for at least 30 days, often asking participants to return to the tran ­sient area of the mission. This rule helps to create an attitude of seriousness among all participants. If program people know they have “one drunk in the bank” they will surely use it.

B. Stable – Clearly communicated rules and policies maintained on a very consistent basis are the key to program stability. This involves clear expectations regarding which behaviors are rewarded, and which are censured. Favoritism and disunity among staff members regarding program policies seriously dam ­ages the sense of stability.

C. Segregated — People who are working on recov ­ery and change must be separated from other homeless people who are not in the program. Separate eating times and sleeping areas creates a special “chemistry” among program participants. It allows them to experi ­ence a fellowship where they can encourage one another toward change and growth.

D. Emotionally Safe – A sure sign that a person is beginning the process of genuine recovery is the return of the emotional life. They begin feeling again, and much of what they feel is pain and grief. To continue to recover, they must feel supported and know that they are in an environment where they can safely and freely express the struggles they are experiencing.

E. Confidential — Personal information about clients must stay within the program and the staff members directly working with those involved in the program (the “treatment team”). This is essential to maintain the trust of program participants.

F. Real Listening — There is healing value in self-revelation. This is greatly encouraged when program participants discover that other people, especially staff members, are genuinely interested in their individual needs, hopes, and aspirations. In my opinion, if each participant cannot receive a one-on-one session with a staff member at least once a week, the program is seriously understaffed.

G. Respect– Program participants must be treated with dignity, despite how much denial they’ have or what sort of mess they have made of their lives. Home ­less people are still God’s unique creations and deserv ­ing of the respect and the love and the honor that they have simply for that if nothing else.

H. Individualized Attention – We can only be of real help to people when we know what their real needs are. This begins with special efforts toward a formal ­ized needs assessment. Then, using the information we’ve gathered, an individualized written plan for recovery can be developed. Establishing simple goals and objectives allows both staff and residents to see whether there is progress in the ef ­forts toward change and growth. This also communicates to program participants that fact that they are truly important to the program staff.   A rule of thumb: If you cannot provide at least a weekly one-on-one session with each program participant, you are seriously understaffed.

I. Every Activity Has Therapeutic Value — Most missions depend on long-term program participants to do much of the work to maintain their operations. Still, we must avoid giving program participants the feeling that they are being used. They need to know they are not just free labor, but that even the work they do has a therapeutic rationale that is also helping them at the same time. As you might imagine, none of these will be in place at your program by accident it is the responsibility of staff members and administrators to carefully watch over the therapeutic environment. Only by doing this can you create a place that motivates clients and promotes long-lasting change.

In the US, twenty million children are expe ­riencing physical, verbal and emotional abuse from parents who are addicted to alcohol and/or drugs. This is tragic when we con ­sider that childhood is the foundation on which our entire lives are built.When a child’s efforts to bond with an addicted par ­ent are thwarted, the result is confusion and intense anxiety. In order to survive in a home devoid of healthy parental love, limits, and consistency, they must develop “survival skills” very early in life.

In a chaotic, dys ­functional family, the lack of external control through consistent loving discipline results in an inability to develop internal discipline and self controL They learn not to depend on their parents to meet their needs – instead, it is all up to themselves. And, because they can’t trust their own parents, they become generally suspicious and mistrustful of all human beings. Yet, they are defenseless against the projection of blame and often feel responsible for parents’ addiction. They be ­come “little adults” that feel compelled to accept responsibilities well beyond their years.

A. Understanding the Problems of Children from Addicted Families

One authority_. on these matters, Dr. Tim Cermack, says children from addicted homes actually suffer from emotional and psycho ­logical symptoms that are best described as a combination of codependency and a variant of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. PTSD is most widely known as a malady afflicting Vietnam veterans, According to Dr. Cermack, PTSD “…occurs when people are subject to stresses of such intensity and nature that they clearly lie outside the range of normal human experiences. The effects are espe ­cially severe if the stress is caused by a series of traumatic events, and is of human origin. The effects are even more severe if the indi ­vidual under stress has rigid coping strategies, or if the person’s support system in ­cludes those who encourage denial of the stress.” *

Growing up in an alcoholic family is cer ­tainly traumatic. hi these homes, children experience a daily environment of inconsis ­tency, chaos, fear, abandonment, denial, and real or potential violence. Survival becomes a full-time job. PTSD also leads to a condition called “psychic numbing” experienced as a sense of estrangement and being detached to the point of feeling there is no place or group to which we belong. Emotions become con ­stricted, especially in the areas where inti ­macy, tenderness, and sexuality are involved. Is it any wonder that these children are eight times more likely to become addicts them ­selves or to marry an alcoholic or drug addict?

B. Common Struggles of Children from Alcoholic and Drug-Addicted Homes

1. Guessing at what is normal.
2. Difficulty having fun.
3. Judging themselves mercilessly.
4. Difficulty with emotional relationships.
5. Feeling “different” from other people.
6. Tendency to be impulsive.
7. Either super responsible or super irre ­sponsible.
8. Desperately seeking approval and af ­firma Lion.
9. Suffering from chronic anxiety.
10. Lacking self discipline.
11. Compulsive liars.
12. Suffering from a critical deficiency of self-respect.
13. Fear and mistrust for authority figures.

C. Healing Begins hy “Breaking the Alco ­holic Family Rules”

Early intervention significantly lessens the life-long effects of a traumatic childhood. The way Christian workers can best help these   children is to lovingly assist them to “break the rules” of their dysfunctional fam ­ilies. These rules, according to Claudia Black in her book It will Never Happen to Me are “don’t trust, don’t feel, don’t talk,”

The first need of children from addicted fami ­lies is learn that they are just normal kids who have been trying to cope Ma extremely stress ­ful and chaotic environment. While their al ­coholic home is not normal, they are normal kids. Their biggest problem is usually not having anyone they trust with whom they can talk openly about how they feel and what they are experiencing. Opening up and shar ­ing from the heart in a safe atmosphere is a tremendously healing experience. We must make sure to provide time for such experi ­ences. Still, it may take quite a while to gain the trust of children from troubled families. Usually they need enough non-confrontive interaction with workers and the opportunity to observe them in action as they relate to others. Opening up can be extremely diffi ­cult, especially because they have learned their entire lives that they must protect their family’s secrets. They can feel like traitors, betraying their family and the illusion that everything is all right at home.

Children from addicted families have learned to survive by suppressing their emotions. They are told that their perceptions are wrong and that their feelings are not acceptable. So, we need to let them know that it’s OK to have feelings and that they won’t be rejected for having them.

D. Some Other Suggestions

1. Learn more about alcohol and drug ad ­diction and its impact on children.
2. Help them learn to take care of them ­selves and that it is OK to think about their own safety when faced with dan ­gerous situations.
3. Help them to learn to have fun.
4. Help them to learn from the Bible how God sees them. And that His love is unconditional, not performance-based.
5. Talk about honesty and its rewards.
6. Bring them to structured support groups where they can share their experiences with others.

* Timmen Cermack, MD, Primer on Adult Children of Alcoholics, HealthCommunications, Pompano Beach, FL, 1985

The Twelve Steps originated with Alcoholics Anonymous in the mid 1930’s.   Besides being used to help alcoholics and drug addicts, the Twelve Steps have been used in support groups for family members, over-eaters, compulsive gamblers, and even for those desiring to escape from sexual addiction.  These Steps formed the basis of treatment and counseling activities at New Creation Center where I served as Executive Director for ten years in the 1980’s. In the past few years, a movement recognizing the power of the Twelve Steps has sprung up among evangelical Christians concerned with those struggling with various addictions.

Some believers worry that they bring secular concepts to the Christian counseling field. From where do these Twelve Steps derive their power?   The answer is very simple; from the Bible!   Although following the Steps does not always bring an alcoholic (or other sufferer) into a saving relationship with Christ, they do work in overcoming addictions.   This is shown by the millions of people who have found sobriety since AA’s beginning.   In some ways, it is very much like the businessman who succeeds financially when he makes spiritual principles the basis of his business practices.

With so many excellent books discussing the Twelve Steps in depth, this article is written only as a simple introduction for those who have had no previous exposure to them.   The Steps can be broken down into three categories;   Step 1   the addict’s relationship with his addiction, Steps 2 – 5:   his relationship with God, and Steps 7 – 12:   his relationship with others.   The word “recovery”, as used in this article, is synonymous with the Biblical term, “sanctification.”   Just as the word sanctification implies that overcoming sin is a life-long process, so to, recovering from the “fall-out” of an addiction takes a lifetime program of growth.

Step One – “We admitted we were powerless over alcohol – that our lives had become unmanageable.” Interestingly enough, the first step is the only one that mentions alcohol.   This illustrates the fact that there is a big difference between being sober and just not drinking.   Without a concrete program that leads to a changed life, most non-drinking alcoholics are just as dishonest and hard to live with as when they are actively drinking.   Step One also emphasizes the necessity of an admission of complete defeat.   As long as an alcoholic thinks he can handle his problem on his own, he will never find real freedom from his addiction.   “Hitting bottom” is referred to as the time where the addict, through the confrontation of circumstances, is willing to admit powerlessness.

Step Two – “Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.” According to the Bible, God created human beings to be dependent by nature.   The problem is not whether or not we are dependent.   The issue is, what will we be dependent on?   Trusting in ourselves is always destructive.   Dependence on alcohol or drugs is even more so.   Many have asked, “How can you get alcoholics to trust in Christ?”   The answer is obvious.   They already know what it means to be totally sold out to a higher power; their drug of choice!   They need to learn how to transfer their dependence to something that will not destroy their lives, but will equip them to live a whole new way of life.

Step Three – “Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.” When the alcoholic or drug addict comes to a real understanding of the destructiveness of his addiction, the need for something (or Someone) outside of himself becomes clear.   Step Three points him to the One who will set him free from his life of chemical-induced insanity.   Although AA is not a Christian organization, like the other support groups mentioned earlier, millions of people have rediscovered their faith and have returned to the churches of their childhoods because of this Step.   Only in heaven, will we actually know the number!

Step Four – “Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.” This Step is essentially an effort to help the alcoholic in recovery to discover his limitations.   By examining his sins, as well as his character assets, he can regain his lost sense of self-awareness.   This is the first step involving a review of his relationships with others.

Step Five – “Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.” Confession of our sins to one another, as commanded in James 5:16, is a too little practiced Christian discipline.   Yet, for the recovering alcoholic, it is an essential step in the process of becoming free from the past and its guilt.   Practicing it also helps him to overcome his sense of isolation while learning humility and the “rigorous honesty” that is essential for a successful recovery program.   Furthermore, self-confidence   returns, along with a good conscience and restored fellowship with God.

Step Six – “Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.

Step Seven – “Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.” These two steps work together to help the person in recovery to grow in the realization that only God Himself is really able to work the changes in his life that are so necessary to maintain sobriety.

Step Eight – “Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.”

Step Nine – “Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except where to do so would injure them or others.” These two steps are aids toward the restoration of the alcoholic’s personal relationships.   A thorough examination of his past behavior is the first step toward making actual amends, restitution, and apologies to those most affected by his harmful behavior.   It means that he must be ready to take responsibility for his own behavior and to share honestly with those he has hurt. (see “Restoration through Making Amends Part 1 & Part 2)

Step Ten – “Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.” To succeed in a recovery program, a habit of self-searching must become a way of life.   And, when wrongs are pointed out, they must be made right in all humility.

Step Eleven – “Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry it out.” The terms used in this Step are very familiar to most Christians.   In it the recovering alcoholic is encouraged to develop the “lost” spiritual art of meditation.   Through prayerful contemplation on spiritual truths, he is led into a knowledge of God’s will for his life.   This Step emphasizes the need for continued spiritual growth, while he goes on in the faith-building adventure of answered prayer.

Step Twelve – “Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry the message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.” This last Step is an action step.   The aim of the Twelve Steps, according to AA, is to bring the alcoholic into the experience of a spiritual awakening, a renewed consciousness of the presence and power of God in his life.   He cannot keep this life-transforming experience to himself, but will want to share it with others who still suffer as he once did.

It is hoped that the significance of this approach can be seen through this very brief discussion.   I believe that, as the message of the Twelve Steps coupled with the power of the Gospel spreads, many more suffering alcoholics will find their way to a fulfilled life, free of alcohol and drugs.

For additional information on the Twelve Steps and the role of the Bible in their origins, visit DickB.com.